RNA Regulated Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria and archaea.
Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis. These toxins are co-expressed and neutralized with...
متن کاملStructure, Biology, and Therapeutic Application of Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse identities, structures, and functional implications in cell cycle arrest and survival against environmental stresses such as nutrient deficiency, antibiotic treatments, and immune system attacks. In this review, we describe the biological functions and the auto-regulatory mechanisms of six different type...
متن کاملOccurrence of mazEF-like antitoxin/toxin systems in bacteria.
The mazEF locus of Escherichia coil located in an operon together with the upstream relA gene (encoding ATP:GTP 3'-pyrophosphotransferase; (p)ppGpp synthetase), encodes an antitoxin/toxin system which might play a role in programmed cell death under stress and starvation conditions at high cell densities. By homology searches, chromosomally encoded orthologous systems were identified in a varie...
متن کاملToxin–antitoxin systems
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs. Based on the molecular nature of the antitoxin and its mode of interaction with the toxin the TA modules are currently grouped into five classes. In general, the toxin is more stab...
متن کاملBacterial toxin-antitoxin systems
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of two elements: a toxic protein and an antitoxin which is either an RNA (type I and III) or a protein (type II). Type II systems are abundant in bacterial genomes in which they move via horizontal gene transfer. They are generally composed of two genes organized in an operon, encoding a toxin and a labile antitoxin. When carried by mobile genetic eleme...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
سال: 2021
ISSN: 2235-2988
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.661026